Computer Science

💻 PG TRB Computer Science – Unit-wise Syllabus

📘 Unit I – COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

  • Number Systems: Conversion; digital codes (weighted/non-weighted, alphanumeric); error detection & correction.
  • Boolean Algebra: Logic, operations, precedence, laws; Boolean function representation & simplification.
  • Digital Logic Circuits & Components: Gates, map simplification, combinational/sequential circuits, flip-flops, multiplexers/decoders, registers, counters, memory.
  • Basic Computer Organization & Design: Stored program organization, instruction codes, registers, timing/control, instruction cycle, memory-reference, I/O, interrupt.
  • Programming the Basic Computer: Machine/assembly language, assembler, loops, subroutines, I/O programming.
  • CPU: General register & stack organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, RISC vs CISC.
  • I/O Organization: Peripheral devices; I/O interface including interrupts & DMA.

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📘 Unit II – DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

  • Concepts & Architecture: Data models; schemas/instances; three-schema & data independence; DB languages & interfaces; centralized & client/server DBMS.
  • Data Modeling: ER diagrams; relational model; constraints; relational schemas; relational algebra & calculus; Codd rules.
  • Normalization: Functional dependencies; normal forms.
  • Query Processing & Optimization; Transactions: Concurrency control; recovery techniques.

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📘 Unit III – SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEM

  • System Software: Machine/assembly/high-level languages; compilers/interpreters; loading; linking/relocation; macros; debuggers.
  • OS Basics: Structure, operations & services; system calls; design/implementation; booting.
  • Process Management: Scheduling/operations; IPC; client-server communication; synchronization; critical section; Peterson’s solution; semaphores.
  • Threads: Multicore programming; multithreading models; libraries; implicit threading; issues.
  • CPU Scheduling: Criteria & algorithms; thread & multiprocessor scheduling; real-time scheduling.
  • Deadlocks: Characterization; prevention/avoidance/detection; recovery.
  • Memory Management: Contiguous allocation; swapping; paging/segmentation; demand paging; page replacement; frame allocation; thrashing; memory-mapped files.

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📘 Unit IV – DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

  • Data Structures: ADTs; arrays & applications; sparse matrices; stacks; queues; priority queues; linked lists.
  • Trees & Graphs: Trees/forest; binary & threaded binary trees; BST; AVL; B/B+/B* trees; graphs; sorting/searching; hashing.
  • Analysis: Time/space complexity; asymptotic notation; recurrences.
  • Design Techniques: Divide-and-conquer; dynamic programming; greedy; backtracking; branch-and-bound.
  • Graph Algorithms: BFS/DFS; shortest paths; maximum flow; MSTs.

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📘 Unit V – DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORKS

  • Data Communication: Components; simplex/half-duplex/duplex; analog/digital signals; channels; bandwidth/throughput/latency; media; analog/digital transmission; encoding/modulation; broadband/baseband; multiplexing; errors & handling.
  • Networks: Topologies; LAN, MAN, WAN; wireless networks; Internet.
  • Models: Layered architecture; OSI & TCP/IP; addressing (physical/logical/port/specific); switching.
  • Layer Functions: Framing; error control; sliding window/HDLC; multiple access (CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA); reservation/polling/token passing; FDMA/CDMA/TDMA; devices; backbones; VLANs.
  • WWW & Internet Apps: URL; DNS; name/address mapping; email (SMTP/POP/IMAP); TELNET; FTP.

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📘 Unit VI – PROGRAMMING WITH C++

  • Language Design & Translation Issues: Concepts; paradigms & models; environments; virtual machines & binding times; syntax; translation stages; formal transition models.
  • Elementary Data Types: Properties of types & objects; scalar & composite types.

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📘 Unit VII – PYTHON PROGRAMMING

  • Basics: Interpreter/interactive mode; debugging; values & types; variables; expressions; statements; operator precedence; comments.
  • Libraries: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, SciPy.
  • Conditionals & Iteration: if/elif/else; while/for; break/continue.
  • Functions: Types; return values; parameters; scope; composition; recursion.
  • Strings: Slices; immutability; methods; string module.
  • Lists: Operations; slices; methods; loops; mutability; aliasing; cloning; parameters; lists as arrays.
  • Tuples & Dicts: Tuple assignment/returns; dictionary ops/methods; iterators & generators; advanced list processing.

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📘 Unit VIII – WEB DEVELOPMENT

  • HTML: Intro; basic tags, formatting & fonts; colour.
  • Elements: Tables, images, links, lists, frame/frameset, forms & controls.
  • CSS: Intro; backgrounds; text & fonts; borders & boxes; margins/padding; positioning.

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📘 Unit IX – PHP AND MYSQL

  • PHP Basics: Evaluation; syntax; variables/constants; data types; operators & expressions; decisions/loops; mixing with HTML.
  • Functions: Define; call by value/reference; recursion.
  • Strings: Create/access; search/replace; formatting; library functions.
  • Arrays: Indexed/associative; access/looping; nested arrays.
  • Files & Directories: Open/close; copy/rename/delete; work with directories; create/delete folder; upload/download.
  • MySQL: Connection; create tables with constraints; drop; CRUD; joins & subqueries; PHP-MySQL access & querying.

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📘 Unit X – CYBER SECURITY

  • Cyber Crime: Introduction; malware types; kinds of cyber crime.
  • Cyber Security Techniques: Authentication; encryption; digital signatures; antivirus; firewall; steganography.
  • Password Management: Guidelines; two-step verification; password managers; endpoint security.
  • Cryptography: Symmetric cipher model; substitution & transposition; Hill cipher; DES and its strength; steganography.
  • Attacks & Defense: DoS types & detection; prevention; classification.

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